People who are blind from birth will gesture when they speak. I always like pointing out this fact when I teach classes on gesture, because it gives us an an interesting perspective on how we learn and use gestures. Until now I’ve mostly cited a 1998 paper from Jana Iverson and Susan Goldin-Meadow that analysed the gestures and speech of young blind people. Not only do blind people gesture, but the frequency and types of gestures they use does not appear to differ greatly from how sighted people gesture. If people learn gesture without ever seeing a gesture (and, most likely, never being shown), then there must be something about learning a language that means you get gestures as a bonus.
Blind people will even gesture when talking to other blind people, and sighted people will gesture when speaking on the phone – so we know that people don’t only gesture when they speak to someone who can see their gestures.
Earlier this year a new paper came out that adds to this story. ?eyda O?zc?al??kan, Che? Lucero and Susan Goldin-Meadow looked at the gestures of blind speakers of Turkish and English, to see if the *way* they gestured was different to sighted speakers of those languages. Some of the sighted speakers were blindfolded and others left able to see their conversation partner.
Turkish and English were chosen, because it has already been established that speakers of those languages consistently gesture differently when talking about videos of items moving. English speakers will be more likely to show the manner (e.g. ‘rolling’ or bouncing’) and trajectory (e.g. ‘left to right’, ‘downwards’) together in one gesture, and Turkish speakers will show these features as two separate gestures. This reflects the fact that English ‘roll down’ is one verbal clause, while in Turkish the equivalent would be yuvarlanarak iniyor, which translates as two verbs ‘rolling descending’.
Since we know that blind people do gesture, O?zc?al??kan’s team wanted to figure out if they gestured like other speakers of their language. Did the blind Turkish speakers separate the manner and trajectory of their gestures like their verbs? Did English speakers combine them? Of course, the standard methodology of showing videos wouldn’t work with blind participants, so the researchers built three dimensional models of events for people to feel before they discussed them.
The results showed that blind Turkish speakers gesture like their sighted counterparts, and the same for English speakers. All Turkish speakers gestured significantly differently from all English speakers, regardless of sightedness. This means that these particular gestural patterns are something that’s deeply linked to the grammatical properties of a language, and not something that we learn from looking at other speakers.
References
Jana M. Iverson & Susan Goldin-Meadow. 1998. Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, 396(6708), 228-228.
?eyda O?zc?al??kan, Che? Lucero and Susan Goldin-Meadow. 2016. Is Seeing Gesture Necessary to Gesture
Like a Native Speaker? Psychological Science, 27(5) 737–747.
Asli Ozyurek & Sotaro Kita. 1999. Expressing manner and path in English and Turkish:
Differences in speech, gesture, and conceptualization. In Twenty-first Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 507-512). Erlbaum.
Almost a decade later and there’s a fun update to this paper!
Eight years after this original study ?eyda Özçal??kan, Ché Lucero and Susan Goldin-Meadow have a sequel.
The original paper showed that blind and sighted people who speak the same language have similar gestures to represent events. These gestures can’t have been acquired through visual learning, so this was evidence that gesture and speech must be all bound up together in the brain. But there was still a question about how deeply they’re tied together. Perhaps this was something that adults settled into as they got older.
In this new paper, Özçal??kan and team looked at the speech and gesture of blind and sighted Turkish children between the ages of five and ten years old. They used the same methods and targeted the same kind of action verbs and gestures. It’s worth checking out the paper for the frolicking doll dioramas they set up as part of the experiment.
Even the youngest children showed the same kind of gesture patterns as adult Turkish speakers. This means that these kinds of patterns are part of language learning and not something that gets added on top later in life. That is further evidence for the original argument that speech and gesture are a package deal.
It’s so great to see this team continuing to refine and support the original findings.
Gestures, when produced with speech (i.e., co-speech gesture), follow language-specific patterns in event representation in both blind and sighted children.
Gestures, when produced without speech (i.e., silent gesture), do not follow the language-specific patterns in event representation in both blind and sighted children.
Language-specific patterns in speech and co-speech gestures are observable at the same time in blind and sighted children.
The cross-linguistic similarities in silent gestures begin slightly later in blind children than in sighted children.
Citation
Özçal??kan, ?eyda, Ché Lucero, and Susan Goldin?Meadow. (2024). Is vision necessary for the timely acquisition of language?specific patterns in co?speech gesture and their lack in silent gesture?. Developmental Science, 27(5), e13507. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13507
[All images in this post have alt/id text if you need it or want to copy paste anything]
With no warning, Itch.io, a site where many host their indie games, comics, books and more, has started purging and shadowbanning explicit and LGBT+ works. Creators got no warning. And if they were still owed payouts from these works, Itch.io is saying they won’t give them their money as they ‘broke the rules’. Rules that were only just set in place, with no warning, and therefore no way for creators to try and draw out their money or delete these ‘offending’ works before they got banned under the new rules.
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So Itch.io has been the most recent to fall to the demands of a group that’s been contacting Visa and Mastercard and convincing them to threaten sites/businesses with ‘stop selling what we consider to be explicit content on your sites of we’ll stop allowing your site to have transactions with Visa and Mastercard’. Steam folded, and now Itchio has too. And a reminder earlier this year Gumroad also stopped allowing explicit content, further back than that Patreon banned some kinks and fetishes even if it’s depicted in fiction not real life, and I don’t have to explain to you guys the great Tumblr explicit content ban of 2018.
And as always remember this doesn’t stop with sexually explicit work as LGBT+ stories and people are often labelled as explicit and already we’re seeing works being taken off Itch.io that are about LGBT+ and especially trans stories. Other non-sexually explicit works I’ve seen already getting shadowbanned, delisted or deleted are SFW games featuring furries/anthros, SFW dress up games (because when you take the clothes the model is nude), and the aforementioned SFW games that include LGBT+ characters and stories.
I’m compiling here information I’ve seen around various social medias, mostly Bluesky, because I haven’t seen all these things shared over here.
I don’t personally have explicit content on itch, but I had been considering one day selling things on there and I do currently have explicit content on my Patreon, my main source of income, and am terrified that Patreon is going to fold next (if anyone knows alterative for hosting audio content behind a paid subscription service please let me know so I can start maybe making a back-up in case the worst happens). Because for me personally if Patreon goes next, it’s not like I can go out and easily get another job. Not only because in general finding and getting a job is difficult enough, but I’m autistic and have chronic pain and have been constantly getting sick or new pains over the last few years and don’t feel safe being trans in the UK right now and all of that combined rules me out of a lot of jobs and makes me feel unsafe to apply to any. I’m so grateful I’ve been able to make a community around my work, but if Patreon caves next and I just leave my SFW posts on Patreon… 10% of my Patreons are signed up to the SFW tier, 90% are signed up to the explicit tier… I know if Patreon caves I will go from someone living comfortably who’s searching to move out of my parents so I can live in a safer environment to someone who can no longer even afford the rent I pay to my parents. I’ll try and get an alterative found and set up in case that happens and I can only hope you guys will follow me to whatever other site I have to set up… but it feels unlikely that people will get a whole new account on a whole new payment provider just to support me on a website they might never have heard of…
But what can we do right now?
A petition you can sign (international but you do have to give your name, email, and postal/zip code):
Don’t know what to say on the phone? Here’s a script written by timidtanuki:
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Creators have had their work removed off Itch.io with no warning and since it’s been removed for ‘breaking the rules’ (rules that were suddenly in place with no warning) they aren’t entitled to get their payouts. Just like other sites such as Youtube and Twitch and Etsy, Itch.io hold onto money from their users in a wallet and then give them payouts. So there is money creators have made, are owed, that Itch.io is not giving to them.
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People are recommending that if you still have works on Itch.io to turn down the revenue sharing to 0% so that Itch.io no longer takes a cut or your money if you no longer want to support Itchi.io finically but don’t want to remove your works from their platform. X
Other Bluesky posts and calls to action I’ve seen:
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radiantg.bsky.social is asking for anyone on Itch.io who got their game deindexed, removed , or payouts turned off to reach out to them (espeically if you make explicit and/or LGBT+ games) for a piece of journalism about what is happening.
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sleepyhart.bsky.social is making a threat of all the games that Itch.io has censored/removed from their site search function. Obviously be aware this will include 18+ only games, games with sexual content and other dark or heavy themes.
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thetransfemininereview.com wants you to reach out to them if you’re a trans creator on Itch.io who is being affected by this so they can make an accurate report. they say ‘authors’ in their post and I’m unsure if they also want game devs to reach out.
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dropdownbear.bsky.com wants you to reach out if you have purchased things on Itch.io that you can now no longer access because of this ban. they can include them in a report being filed with the Australian Consumer Commission as this may be a violation of Australian Consumer rights. If you are Australian you can no longer access things you purchased of Itch.io you can report directly with this guide.
It’s a scary time for adult creators and sex workers. It’s a scary time to be trans. Support creators. And if anyone knows of any alternate payment providers that allow explicit work, and/or alternate websites to Itch (and in case things get worse, also give me Patreon alternates please) where people can host, sell and/or offer paid subscriptions to writing, images, videos, audios, games and more please leave them in the replies. And please help share this post, the posts I’m linking too, and any other resources you can find.
Minors DNI. Ageless blogs DNI. I want resources and help but I don’t reply to this post or follow this blog if you’re under 18, this is an explicit blog and not for anyone under 18.
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